Performance Evaluation of Non Functional Requirements

Requirement engineering (RE) concerns goal identification by a system, operationalization of such goals into services and constraints, and assigning responsibilities, needs to agents including humans, devices/software. RE processes include negotiation, documentation, domain analysis, specification, elicitation, assessment, and evolution. It is difficult and critical to get high quality requirements. The paper gives a synopsis of the field of requirements engineering. RE is defined, and a brief history of main concepts and techniques is presented. The result got by using the method is very promising. It was evaluated extensively on Non Functional Requirements (NFR) dataset obtained from PROMISE repository, which is publicly accessible

Interplanetary Consequences of a Large CME

We analyze a coronal mass ejection (CME) which resulted from an intense flare in active region AR486 on November 4, 2003. The CME propagation and speed are studied with interplanetary scintillation images, near-Earth space mission data, and Ulysses measurements. Together, these diverse diagnostics suggest that the internal magnetic energy of the CME determines its interplanetary consequences.Comment: 5 pages, 9 figures, To appear in "Magnetic Coupling between the Interior and the Atmosphere of the Sun", eds. S.S. Hasan and R.J. Rutten, Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin, 200

DNA-induced conformational changes in RecA protein. Evidence for structural heterogeneity among nucleoprotein filaments and implications for homologous pairing

We have used circular dichroism as a probe to characterize the solution conformational changes in RecA protein upon binding to DNA. This approach revealed that RecA protein acquires significant amounts of alpha-helix upon interaction with DNA. These observations, consistent with the data from crystal structure (Story, R. M., Weber, I., and Steitz, T. (1992) Nature 355, 318-325), support the notion that some basic domains including the DNA binding motifs of RecA protein are unstructured and might contribute to the formation of alpha-helix. A comparison of nucleoprotein filaments comprised of RecA protein and a variety of DNA substrates revealed important structural heterogeneity. The most significant difference was observed with poly(dG). poly(dC) and related polymers, rich in GC sequences, which induced minimal amounts of alpha-helix in RecA protein. The magnitude of induction of alpha-helix in RecA protein, which occurred concomitant with the production of ternary complexes, was 2-fold higher with homologous than heterologous duplex DNA. Most importantly, the stimulation of ATP hydrolysis by high salt coincided with that of the induction of alpha-helix in RecA protein. These conformational differences provide a basis for thinking about the biochemical and structural transitions that RecA protein experiences during the formal steps of presynapsis, recognition, and alignment of homologous sequences

A clinical study of effect of standard labour protocols on rates of primary caesarean section at a tertiary care centre, Madurai, India

Background: Caesarean section rates are on the rise all over the world. Primary caesarean section usually determines the future obstetric course of any woman and therefore should be avoided whenever possible. WHO recommended that caesarean rates should not be more than 15 %. In this view we started our study on how to reduce the rate of Primary caesarean section in Tertiary Care Centre, Madurai, India. The objective of the present study was to evaluate how the implementation of universally acceptable standards affects rates of primary caesarean section rates without compromising maternal and foetal safetyMethods: This a comparative study on the effect of standard labour protocols and guidelines devised after audit of cases from January 2017 to June 2017, on the rate of primary caesarean section rates, induction of labour, failed induction, maternal and fetal outcomes before and after the implementation of the guidelines.Results: Primary caesarean section rates from 52.85% to 45.02% noted in the induced cases. There were no significant adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes.Conclusions: Implementation of standard labour protocols can reduce primary caesarean section rate without compromising maternal or foetal safety

Study of Clinico Pathological Significance of C-Kit Expression in Germ Cell Tumours of Ovary with Special Reference to Dysgerminoma.

Ovaries Are Paired Organs Measuring 4 X 2.5 X 1.5 Cm Each In Dimension1 Situated One On Either Side Of The Uterus Close To Lateral Pelvic Wall. Pathology Of Ovary Is Most Difficult Gynaecological Disease To Evaluate Clinically2. Ovarian Cancers Account For 25% Of All Gynaecological Malignancies And Fourth Most Common Cause Of Death From Cancers Of Female Genital Tract In Western World3. Ovaries Are Subjected To Monthly Endocrine And Traumatic Insult And Hence It Becomes A Prime Site Of Carcinogenesis. The Primary And Secondary Carcinomas Of Ovary Are Frequent With Variety Of Histological Pattern, Which Is Seen In All Age And Ethnic Groups2. 50% Of Ovarian Tumours Are Benign Tumours, Of Malignant Tumours 90% Are Epithelial Tumours

Formulation and in-vitro evaluation of Liquid and solid self microemulsifying Drug delivery system of pitavastatin Calcium

In the present study, an attempt has been made to develop Self Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery system of Pitavastatin in order to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate by incorporating the drug in a lipid vehicle. The results of compatability studies by Infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), showed no interaction between the drug and excipients. Various oils, surfactants and co-surfactants are optimized based on their solulbilising capacity and % transmittance values. The solubility of Pitavastatin was found to higher in oleic acid (97.89%±0.06) and Capryol 90 (93.69%±0.31) Pseudo ternary phase diagrams were constructed to get the maximum self emulsification region of SMEDDS, and the optimum concentration of oil was found to be 10-50% and Smixture was found to be 50-90% for both oils. Two different type of Pitavastatin liquid SMEDDS were successfully prepared at different ratios of oil, surfactant and co-surfactant by simple admixing method, namely CF1-CF9 and OF1-OF9. The prepared SMEDDS were evaluated for their physiochemical parameters. (Dispersibility test, visual assessment, self emulsification time, % transmittance and Refractive index). The RI of formulation ranges from 1.333 to 1.348. The % transmittance value for all the formulation ranges from 68 -97%. And the formulation which shown % transmittance value of above 90% provides clear emulsion. CF8 and OF8 shows maximum % transmittance (97.47±0.18% and 94.28±0.22%) The drug content of liquid SMEDDS ranges from 92-98%. Formulation CF8 and OF8 shown maximum drug content. (98.02±0.07% and 98.23±0.17% respectively). Then the liquid SMEDDS were converted into S-SMEDDS by adsorption technique by mixing it with Micro crystalline Cellulose at 1:1 w/w ratio. In vitro release study of all the formulations were shown an increased drug release. Dissolution rate of all the formulations were improved when compared to pure drug. The dissolution study was carried out in pH 6.8 buffer for 2 hours. The formulations shown higher rate of drug release than that of the pure drug and marketed formulation, and all formulations showed 60-82% of drug release within two hours. Formulation OF8 and CF8 shows 80.52±0.12% and 82.14±0.15% respectively, which is higher rate than the pure drug (59.25±0.20%) and conventional tablet (64.72±0.21%) Particle size analyzer used to explore the particle size of Pitavastatin SMEDDS showed a suitable particle size of 139.5 nm and 0.621nm for OF8 and CF8 respectively. The polydispersibility index of selected SMEDDS formulations (CF8 & OF8) were 0.377 and 0.291, which indicated a broad size distribution of particles. Zeta potential value of Pitavastatin SMEDDS showed a negative surface charge (- 23.9mv and -20.9mv). SEM studies confirmed the morphology of the solid SMEDDS. The crystalline state of the formulation was altered according to the XRPD analysis. It confirms the solubilisation of drug. CONCLUSION: Pitavastain is a poorly water soluble drug, and its bioavailability is only about 60% due it is poor solubility. When administering this poorly soluble compound with hydrophilic carriers will enhance the solubility of the drug. Hence, it was concluded that Self Micro Emulsifying drug delivery system is a good approach to enhance the solubility and dissolution property of Pitavastatin. The composition of optimized formulation [CF8 consist of Capryol 90 as oil(45%), Cremophore RH(41.2%) as surfactant and Propylene glycol(13.75%) as co-surfactant and OF8 consist of Oleic acid (45%), Tween 80 (41.2%) and Propylene glycol (13.75%)] containing 4mg of Pitavastatin calcium showing drug release for solid SMEDDS formulation (82.14% & 80.52%), Particle size (139.5 nm & 621.3nm), Zeta potential (-23.29 & -20.9), viscosity (0. 8824 cP). In-vitro drug release of the C8 and OF8 was highly significant compared to pure drug and marketed conventional tablet. Here the liquid SMEDDS are successfully converted into solid SMEDDS using MCC by adsorption technique

Reach Energy of Digraphs

A Digraph D consists of two finite sets ), where  denotes the vertex set and denotes the arc set. For vertices  if there exists a directed path from  to  then  is said to be reachable from  and vice versa. The Reachability matrix of D is the  matrix , where  if  is reachable from and  otherwise. The eigen values corresponding to the reachability matrix are called reach eigen values. The reach energy of a digraph is defined by where  is the eigen value of the reachability matrix. In this paper we introduce the reach spectrum of a digraph and study its properties and bounds. Moreover, we compute reachspectrum for some digraphs